Indeed, it is improbable that don Manuel knows anything about the count’s promise
to the slaves, and instead thinks that he is simply executing the count’s will. And he
is probably right. The count responds to the chaplain’s entreaties by saying the he,
despite his status as lord over the mill, has nothing to do with what don Manuel
does. The count denies his power over don Manuel in order to place himself in a
position of moral superiority over the overseer (he doesn’t want to have anything to
do with the mistreatment of slaves—that is don Manuel’s domain), but his refusal to
act is more a sign of approbation than anything else. The culpability, then, on final
analysis lies with the count, whose unenforced promise lies at the heart of the
misunderstanding. Therefore, don Manuel’s performance of the Christ type can be
understood as the overseer being sacrificed for the sins of the master and the
society he represents. Significantly, don Manuel does not choose to play this role.
The count, who does choose his role, can afford to act what is essentially a false
Christ role but would never play the role of a suffering savior.
The third person, or better said the third group of people, that act the Christ
role are the slaves (cf. West 159). Their performance as the disciples is more
obvious than their Christ role, which does not become apparent until the final
segment of the film. It does, though, become very clear in these late moments. This
allusion is more powerful and direct than the one featuring don Manuel. The viewer
sees don Manuel in stocks with his arms in a position that appears cross-like. The
slaves’ heads, on the other hand, are on stakes on the top of a hill, visually
reproducing Christ’s situation on Golgotha with the two criminals, which is one of the
most enduring visual images of Christ in Catholic culture. As happens with don
Manuel, the typological position of the slaves functions as a criticism of the colonial
order. Logically, just as Christ must die for the sins of the Biblical order, someone
must die for the sins of the colonial order, and those that must die are don Manuel
and the slaves. Also as with don Manuel, it is important that the slaves do not
choose to perform this role, and indeed are not in the position to choose anything for
themselves. Their heads are on stakes because the count orders it so.
The position of Sebastián in this typological milieu is ambiguous. He is, of
course, a slave. However, although all of the slaves seem to conform to certain
character types (Antonio the Uncle Tom type, Bangoché the proud but resigned
type), Sebastián is singular and better-developed in that he has a powerful, assertive
nature. He functions as the Hegelian antithesis to the count. This is most apparent in
the supper scene when Sebastián spits on the count. The count repeatedly asks
Sebastián if he recognizes him (Alea plays on the Hegelian notion of recognition, so
important in the master-slave dialectic), and Sebastián spits on him, asserting that
while he may physically be a slave, he still has his subjecthood and refuses to
mentally be a slave, furthering the dialectic that is operative between the two.
Furthermore, it is difficult to place Sebastián in the film’s typological system.
On the one hand, he has more to do with African than Christian religion (cf.
Martínez-Echazábal 18, Chanan 272). What is more, he does not perform the Christ
role as the other slaves do. Alea visually emphasizes this fact by giving Sebastián’s
head a place on one of the stakes, and then focusing the camera on that stake
before fading out to Sebastián running free through the hills, with African rhythms as
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